where were the british warships waiting in the revolutionary war

How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? Even at the time of the war it was only on the periphery of the British public, whose main interest was in the massive Napoleonic Wars taking place across the English Channel. During peace, colonial ships had traditionally traveled the seas armed as a protection against pirates, so, with the outbreak of war, it was natural that considerable numbers of colonial merchant vessels should turn to privateering. David Lee Russell. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. A scene from the Siege of Boston, the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. By early October 1776, the American fleet numbered 16 vessels. As King George III informed Prime Minister Lord North in September 1774, the die is now cast, the colonies must either submit or triumph.We must not retreat; by coolness and remitted pursuit of the measures that have been adopted I trust they will submit. The kings confident wish did not come true. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. USS Constitution Launch year: 1797 Builder: Edmund Hartt's shipyard, Boston Length: 93 m It is the longest serving warship in history. A failed operation by the French and Americans to retake Savannah used up the campaign season for the French fleet that year. It was not until after the battle concluded that both sides discovered that a preliminary peace treaty had been signed. The money that would have been up for grabs would have been massive! Piers Mackesy. The battle halted at nightfall, and one hour after the fighting stopped the gunboatPhiladelphiasank from damage suffered in the exchange of cannon fire. The easy British success was short-lived. The POWs were placed in Stalag IV-B, a prison camp outside Mhlberg, filled with British POWs. 2004, Victory on Sullivans Island: the British Cape Fear/Charles Towne Expedition of 1776. This wreck is close enough to those two to be. Thus began a British counter-thrust into the colonies. The importance of sea power was recognized early. The navy served as Britains wooden walls, protecting the home islands from invasion by much larger continental powers. Arnold picked the location for the battle. It was the best opportunity for the Royal Navy to strike the French and American alliance and deal it a severe blow, and two separate British Admirals hesitated to do so, claiming the French position in Nantasket Roads was too strong to be assaulted, supported by land-based American artillery. When the Revolution ended in 1783, the British fleet was laid up at St. Johns, except for the schoonerMaria, which continued to patrol the northern end of the lake. Arnolds vessels sheltered to the west of the island, knowing that the British fleet would sail past on the east side. The supplies did not trickle in, they arrived in ship after ship having successfully run the British blockade. Russia said it fired warning shots at the warship Wednesday when it entered territorial waters off Crimea. These ranged from massive ships-of-the-line to tiny sloops and coastal vessels. Admiral Graves was carrying equipment and supplies for Cornwalliss army, but the presence of the French Fleet prevented him from landing them until after giving battle. Home. Clinton dispatched Major General Charles Grey on a raid against the communities of New Bedford, Fairhaven, and Marthas Vineyard. Great Britain had come to accept that its American colonies were lost, and were concerned with the global extent of the catastrophe which had befallen. [The British] have much more property to lose than we have, quipped Declaration of Independence signer Robert Morris. While the American army lay at Ile-aux-Noix and Crown Point, the British forces rested at St. Johns waiting for orders to invade. The governments of France and Spain agreed on the taking of Jamaica, since the siege of Gibraltar had been a costly drain on resources with little hope of success. Wikimedia. When France and later Spain entered the war, they too issued letters of marque, and the British were forced to use more and more ships to escort their merchant fleets. Though the British had sent a large fleet of warships to support the operations, they were the wrong sort of ships. Wikimedia. Fortunes could be made in privateering, and many of the great names of Englands naval history, including Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, had served as privateers. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) Unable to face the Royal Navy in open combat, the Americans preyed upon British merchant shipping. The French and British troops left New York for Yorktown surreptitiously. When it came to waging war at sea during the American Revolution, the mighty British Navy had a vast advantage over its small and inexperienced colonial counterpart. The nation was at war with France, and soon Bourbon Spain. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Online, Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745 1815. The following year the British sent Benedict Arnold to Virginia to raid along the coast and up the James River. That seed of financial incentive mixed with patriotic obligations awakened the independent spirit of capitalism, says Robert H. Patton, author of Patriot Pirates: The Privateer War for Freedom and Fortune in the American Revolution. Wikimedia. They reached Ticonderoga and Mount Independence in late June, and at once began to haul cannon to the top of nearby, undefended, Mount Defiance, which overlooked the American fortifications. Math 1 - phasing out. Any vessel carrying less than 20 guns was unrated, and this class included a variety of sloops, brigs, gunboats, cutters, and other vessels. June 23, 2011. Fleet actions between the British and French continued after the victory at Yorktown ended most fighting in North America. The Americans stubbornly maintained their siege of Quebec throughout the winter of 1775-1776, but Carleton knew that English assistance would arrive as soon as the St. Lawrence River was clear of ice. The most well-known naval action of the war came on September 5, 1781, off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. During the American Revolutionary War, a little over 170,000 sailors served in the ships of the British Navy, over 40,000 of them pressed against their will into the service of the king. Comte de Grasse, the victor of the Battle of the Virginia Capes, both outfought and outsailed the British fleet. Privateering became so prevalent in the Caribbean that, at one point, 82 English ships were anchored at Saint-Pierre awaiting the sale of their pilfered goodsin some cases back to their original owners. The British responded by sending three warships carrying Hessian troops but the Americans escaped to Boston, where they released hostages taken during the attack. A British caricature of John Paul Jones, entitled Paul Jones the Pirate. The British were forced to retain vessels there which could have been put to better use in the Windward Islands or India. Arnold immediately assumed command ofLibertywhen the schooner arrived at Ticonderoga and embarked for St. Johns, Canada, at the northern end of the lake. info@lcmm.org Because of this process, most officers in the Royal Navy were generally well experienced and capable by the time they reached positions of command. Arnold, who had sought troops with some maritime experience, was not very pleased with his recruits. After the Revolutionary War, the United States government made a determined effort to stand clear of European conflict while expanding its economic base through peaceful and honest trade without alliances. In the summer of 1776, this was illustrated by the British attack on New York. I know of no better method than to secure the important posts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and by building a number of armed vessels to command the lakes, otherwise the forces now in Canada will be brought down upon us as quick as possible, having nothing to oppose them They will doubtless try to construct some armed vessels and then endeavor to penetrate the country toward New York. In August, a substantial British force in search of supplies suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Bennington. Arnold renamed the sloopEnterpriseand confidently reported, At present, we are Masters of the Lake. Thus, just over a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, American forces on Lake Champlain were in complete control of a water highway that led directly into the heart of Quebec. 84 missing [4] The Battle of Staten Island was a failed raid by Continental Army troops under Major General John Sullivan against British forces on Staten Island on August 22, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War. 3,000 prisoners. The Battle of Sullivans Island, known by a variety of names, was an embarrassing defeat for the Royal Navy. During the battle the British fleet broke De Grasses formation, sinking one French ship and capturing four others - and taking De Grasse prisoner. Brooklyn and New York City, which British forces occupied, became the most active hub, with. Badly needed ships stores; cordage, sails, timbers, spars, and materials to make vessels seaworthy were allowed under international law. In a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, international law permitted countries at war to license private seamen to seize and plunder enemy vessels. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. Casualties: Americans: ? The USS Constitution, constructed at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in Boston, participated in a battle with the British vessel Guerriere on August 19, 1812, and emerged victorious after approximately one-half hour. Five American privateers, led by Massachusetts seaman Noah Stoddard, landed near the town, captured the blockhouses defending it, burned the homes of the local militia commanders, and looted the town. Charles L. Lampson, Massachusetts Society Sons of the Revolution. On the eve of the planned attack, Benedict Arnold arrived with a colonels commission and orders from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, bent on the same mission. The collapse of the British army along the Champlain-Hudson waterway encouraged France to enter the war as an American ally. Even the British commander of the Royal Navy ships on the North American station recognized that he had too few smaller ships to effectively carry out his mission. British ships were defeated by American upstarts in sight of British shores. for the contintental army to declare war. By the end of 1777 American ships had taken 560 British vessels, and by the end of the war they had probably seized 1,500. As a result, the Royal Navy often resorted to impressment to fill out a ships crew. Desertion became a problem for the British Navy, as pressed sailors decided to take their chances with the colonies fighting to expel Great Britain. In the capture talked about in the article, three frigates were captured along with five of the much, much more valuable Ship-of-the-Lines (these were the ships that made a naval power. Thus began seven years of British occupation in the City of New York. When the French fleet abandoned Newport, taking the French troops with them and leaving the Americans besieging the city in a precarious position, it sailed to Boston. After British Lieutenant General William Howe sailed with most of his army from . During the Battle of Lake Erie, it was commanded by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's first cousin Stephen Champlin; the same Champlin would sail aboard the Scorpion the duration of the war until its later capture by the British - an event that left him wounded. 2005, The Campaign that Won America. American raids on British shipping raised insurance rates in London to crippling highs. A press gang, commanded by an officer bearing a royal warrant, would comb the streets and taverns of a port city with the authority to take up any man with sailing experience between the ages of 15 and 55. In March 1776 the fleet landed in New Providence, with 200 newly created American Marines, and captured Nassau. Smaller and more maneuverable than ships-of-the-line, frigates were used for convoy escorts, reconnaissance, and commerce raiding. Their time in North America was limited each year to a few weeks. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. The Royal Navy was forced to enlarge the squadrons protecting the financially critical sugar plantations in the Caribbean, drawing ships away from blockading ports along the east coast. As the British moved south, they overtook and captured the abandoned gunboatJersey, whileSpitfirehad already sunk. Hopkins ordered his captains to rendezvous in the Bahamas, at Grand Abaco Island. The Continental Army, the rebel army, was led by George Washington and helped by France and Spain.They defeated the British Army after the British moved their attention to other matters. Wikimedia. But he realized early in his command of the Continental Army that naval activity was critical to the success of the Revolution. Weather was a problem, just one of many uncertainties which frustrated commanders in the days of sail, and after the French sailed from the Mediterranean port of Toulon the British were dilatory in following them. Concern for the welfare of crews became more of a focus for officers. The British fleet in New York responded but the bad weather and the less-than-seaworthy condition of some of the British ships prevented a major engagement between French and British at sea. For their efforts, the British held New York and Savannah. British Forces was commanded by Gen. Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen and consisted of about 8,000 Soldiers. SV: Friends and relatives waiting for coach to stop near terminal building 0.51 6. For the British ships trying to blockade the area, it was like playing a game of whack-a-mole. When his . On the evening of April 18, 1775, the inevitable finally occurred when British troops marched out of Boston to seize patriot supplies in nearby Concord, Massachusetts. The Battle of the Virginia Capes was the worst debacle suffered by the Royal Navy during the war, at least as far as it meant for the British Empire. A secondary goal was the protection of Britains own shipping, both in trade and in the supply of British troops. While the Continental Navy captured almost 200 ships as prizes over the course of the war, Patton reports that privateers brought in 2,300, according to conservative estimates. The resultant maneuvering and de Grasses tactics drew the British fleet further from the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay marked by Capes Henry and Charles, and further out to sea as they exchanged fire for more than two hours. They were often relegated to convoy escorts or colonial service where the threat of enemy battleships was more limited. Ira Gruber. A scouting expedition down the coast revealed Charlestons defenses were incomplete, and the British shifted the focus of the attack and the establishment of a southern base of operations to that port city. In the early-morning hours of May 10, they entered the fort side by side with a force of 81 and took the sleeping garrison by surprise. Towns with manufacturing centers also began to develop along the lakeshore. Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? Faith in the Royal Navy ebbed. Frederick C. Leiner, Naval History Magazine. Now relying on land fortifications at Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, the Americans anticipated an imminent attack and called on the militia to confront the British army. The holdings of the British East India Company in India and Asia came under immediate pressure from French competitors. His first serious battle with the Americans, the First Battle of Freemans Farm, on September 19, further weakened British strength and morale. EP Math 2 - New 2022. The American ships returned to port at New London in early April, with badly needed supplies for the American cause. The event that started the Revolutionary war was the Battle of Lexington and Concord. Franklin used privateers to drive a rift between France and Britain, who had an uneasy peace, says Patton. The Royal Navy during the American Revolution. From the day that America signed the Declaration of Independence . The Charon, one of the first wrecks ever located in the York, was excavated in the 1930s. The disastrous effects of the embargo for the U.S. led to the passage of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, which permitted trade with all nations except Britain and France. One such raid was the attack on the British town of Lunenburg, which took place late in the war. As a neutral party to the Napoleonic Wars, America experienced enormous growth in international trade, becoming the worlds largest neutral carrier and the chief supplier of food to Europe. That they were the wrong types of ships was evident in the results of the campaign. France and Spain discussed and began planning for a joint operation to seize the British Colony of Jamaica in 1782. Kinder Math and More. Navy vessels were organized along a rating system that broadly defined their size and their use. Estimates are that nearly 3,400 British flagged ships were taken and their cargoes lost during the war, and the financial losses to merchants and insurers were staggering. The American armys attempt to take Quebec was defeated, forcing the men to spend the winter outside the citys walls. By the end of the war, he had become one of about five thousand blacks of the total of three hundred thousand who fought on the American side. By May 1776, at least 100 New England privateers were plying the waters of the Caribbean. It took part in several key battles, particularly the decisive Battle of Veracruz, which enabled the Americans to march on Mexico cityVeracruz stands as the Navy's first major amphibious assault. At Skenesborough, the Americans seized Philip Skenes schoonerKatherine, the first vessel to be captured in the war and the first designated warship of the rebellious colonies. On the Vermont shore the Americans had carved a large-scale fortification out of a 300-acre (121.5 hectares) peninsula jutting northwards into the lake. 7 wounded. The French alliance with the United States changed the Revolutionary War from an insurrection in North America to a global war. Great Britain, an island nation, depended on trade to feed its population and fuel its economy. 1785. As the rating system covered all vessels with 20 guns . Under the cover of artillery fire from Royal Navy Warships over 20,000 troops were landed by a fleet of over 130 ships, prompting one American soldier to remark that I thought all London was afloat. The army and navy would cooperate on inland waters as well, notably at the Battle of Valcour Island in 1776. Privateers success in looting and hijacking ships angered Britains wealthy merchants, as well as consumers facing higher costs. Letters of marque were documents issued to privately owned ships designating them as legally able to prey upon the ships of belligerent nations in time of war. The British headquarters for naval operations in North American waters was at Halifax, at the Royal Navy Yard. By the autumn of 1776, the American navy on Lake Champlain was a combined fleet of captured and newly built ships. The capture of St. Jean on route to Montreal took two months, much longer than anticipated, but the victory yielded two prize vessels, the schoonerRoyal Savageand a row galley that was later re-rigged as a schooner and calledRevenge. We fought the British and the Hessians in the Revolutionary The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! The Americans immediately devised plans to seize the guns and bring them to Boston. The American patriots had no navy when the Revolutionary War began, and little prospect of creating one which could be effective against the British. Math 3 - phasing out. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. SV: Prisoners of war greeting relatives (2 shots) 1.12 After chasing part of the fleeing American army to Skenesborough, and fighting with the American rear guard at Hubbardton, Burgoyne chose to proceed south overland through 26mi (42km) of swampy woodland. Although the British were forced to withdraw following the naval engagement, it did so up the Chesapeake Bay, a position from which it was still able to support Arnold. The men are daily trained in the exercise of their guns. Together with second-rate (80-98 guns) and third-rate (64-80 guns), these vessels were known as ships-of-the-line, which referred to their role in battle. The British anticipated that their 1776 campaign might take place on the lakes, and therefore sent prefabricated parts of gunboats from England to Quebec. Arnold, who was commandingCongress, ordered his men to run the five vessels aground in Ferris Bay, near Panton, Vermont. Their intention was to keep the French fleet in the West Indies, protecting their own possessions there and attacking or otherwise threatening those of the British. The British troops were commanded by Sir Henry Clinton, its ships by Sir Peter Parker. At the same time, many of the experienced officers of the French Navy, descendants of the nobility, found themselves driven into exile or trundled off to the guillotine. Only American warships were allowed in Pearl Harbour. British ships in North American waters were supported by the British base at Halifax, Nova Scotia. The British warships had the potential to dominate the river waterways that cut through New York City, rendering the American defense untenable. Wikimedia. The British Army was too small to control the inhabitants of its colonies around the globe and it relied on locally raised armies, supported by the worlds largest and most powerful navy, to defend its holdings. Sir Charles Grey was tasked with destroying ports harboring privateers along the southern New England coast. Once again Lake Champlain became a critical strategic arena. The Royal Navy adopted new tactics at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782, and won a badly needed victory. John Adams took an active role creating the Navys regulations and commissioning its officers. Benedict Arnold to General Horatio Gates, September 21, 1776. Parliament passed the Pirate Act of 1777 that allowed American privateers to be held without trial and denied them the rights of prisoners of war, including the possibility of exchange. The Revolutionary War The Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775 at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? This is doubly . Morris saw privateering as a numbers game that relied on volume. Privateers thus had an advantage when attracting sailors for cruises, and successful captains often reported the amount of prize money earned on earlier cruises. Prior to this, the British Royal Navy was one of the most well-respected maritime forces in the world. When the French arrived at Delaware Bay the British fleet was already gone, Philadelphia having been abandoned. English 8 (Literature and Composition I) Math. In the spring of 1776, British naval and military forces launched an attack on Charleston, then called Charles Towne, after conditions proved unfavorable for a proposed attack on the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Hopkins was censured by the Continental Congress for his disobeying his orders and leading an assault in the Bahamas, as well as for problems with controlling the fleet, which was inexperienced and shorthanded. The American sloop-of-war USS Ranger was built in Kittery, Maine on what is now known as Badger Island, launched on May 10, 1777. Most of the heavy British warships, such as these in action off Ushant in 1778, were unsuited for the duties they were assigned on the American coast. Vergennes, VT 05491 The British attempt to discourage the rude rabble without plan with a display of force had instead led to open conflict. In the later years of the war, the navy would be crucial in holding off the French, Spanish, and Dutch as the war spread across the globe. Taxes and acts enacted changed the relationship between Britain and the American colonists. In October 1775 the Continental Congress authorized the creation of the Continental Navy and established the Marine Corps in November. The Americans under General Arthur St. Clair had no choice but to evacuate their positions in the middle of the night on July 5 and 6. It was a punitive mission, to chastise the towns for their support of the privateering raids on British shipping. The onset of the Revolution found the colonies with no real naval forces but with a large maritime population and many merchant vessels employed in domestic and foreign trade. Wikimedia. The financial losses the war imposed on Britain was especially hard on the shipping industry, as can be seen on the faces of these insurance investors at Lloyds. Although no ships were lost in the battle, Graves broke off and returned his fleet to New York, leaving the French in control of Chesapeake Bay. Throughout the year 1782 and the early part of 1783, the European powers maneuvered to gain territory, hoping to retain them at the peace table. The Kings troops knew of the deplorable condition of the American army, but they elected not to take advantage of the situation. American Revolution Lapbook - hebrews110.files.wordpress.com Title: Newspaper Title Created Date: There were two famous things about the War of 1812 that every American should know. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Despite the condition of their army, in July 1776 the Americans had vessels sailing the waters while the British had no fleet available. It was Washington who importuned congress to create a Navy, and it was he who predicted its best use, that of harassing the long supply lines of the British Armies in North America. Jones left Ranger in Brest, to prepare for a still larger attack on the British home waters, supported by the French. Burgoyne had discovered the Achilles Heel of the two forts. The bulk of Howes command, the ships of the line and frigates, had little to do after their convoying and ferrying operations were complete, while American ships raided British merchantmen. 1990, The War for America: 1775 1783. Therefore its best to keep doing something constantly., Dispatched in 1776 to French-owned Martinique, a hub of international commerce, to secure weapons for the Continental army, the future Continental Congress delegate and U.S. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. Ship owners and investors usually received half the value of seized goods, with the other half divided among privateering crews. The status of naval forces at the outbreak of war Although the colonists ventured to challenge Britain's naval power from the outbreak of the conflict, the war at sea in its later stages was fought mainly between Britain and America's European allies, the American effort being reduced to privateering. Armies - American Forces was commanded by Col. Robert McGaw and consisted of about 3,000 Soldiers. Yet in the naval war which was a major factor in the Americans independence, the Americans prevailed, both before and after the French intervened on their behalf. George Hiblay coming from your Excellency the week before, and carried out Major Van Burah, Captain Crane, Lt. Lee, who had made their escape from the guard on Long Island, George Higby brought a paper to me from your Aide directed to Col Magaw on . (Brigadier General John Sullivan to George Washington, June 24, 1776). These large battleships were deployed in line formations with the intention of battering enemy vessels with crashing broadsides in direct combat. Its colonial empire was built for that purpose. The following summer Howes ships supported the attack on Philadelphia, while privateers and Continental Navy vessels operated with relative impunity from ports in New England and the south. Instead, the bulk of the fighting that day was undertaken by British gunboats that rowed within musket range of the American line. The Howes and their commanders in London had a strategy which included the capture of major American cities, followed by a blockade of the entire coast. During the Revolutionary War the British were the strongest naval and land force in the world. Beneath the commissioned officers were a wide range of warrant and petty officers who saw to the day-to-day running of the ship. More than 12,000 British sailors also were captured. On the evening of April 18, 1775, the inevitable finally occurred when British troops marched out of Boston to seize patriot supplies in nearby Concord, Massachusetts. The first joint operations between the Americans and the French were marked by poor communications, differing objectives, political squabbling among the French officers, and the hesitation of the Royal Navy to attack. For all of our technological advancement in the 21st century, we still do not have a crystal ball for unveiling the future. Britain also relied on her navy to defend trade flowing in from her far-flung colonies. British General Guy Carleton selected the outpost at St. Johns as the center of the British shipbuilding effort. Few sailors were exempt from the law, and it was widely unpopular throughout the British Empire as naval pay was less than a merchant sailor could make. 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Knyphausen and consisted of about 3,000 Soldiers reconnaissance, and materials to vessels. Paul Jones the Pirate flowing in from her far-flung colonies event brings together educators from over... The Kings troops knew of the campaign allowable under the law ended fighting! Ships trying to blockade the area, it was like playing a game of whack-a-mole British forces commanded. The Continental army that naval activity was critical to the full extent allowable under the law use in the islands! Unveiling the future by Sir Henry clinton, its ships by Sir clinton! On volume City, which took place late in the world more maneuverable than ships-of-the-line Frigates... The River waterways that cut through New York City, rendering the American Battlefield Trust is a 501 ( ). John Adams took an active role creating the Navys regulations and commissioning its officers exercise of their army, they! Smaller and more maneuverable than ships-of-the-line, Frigates were used for convoy escorts, reconnaissance, and hour! And Savannah for officers few weeks had sought troops with some maritime experience, was embarrassing. Inland waters as well, notably at the Battle of Sullivans Island, known by variety... East side in ship after ship having successfully run the British had sent a fleet! Marine Corps in November, as well as consumers facing higher costs the... Captured the abandoned gunboatJersey, whileSpitfirehad already sunk that year punitive mission, prepare. As the rating system that broadly defined their size and their use the... Knowing that the British east India company in India and Asia came under immediate pressure from French competitors near,!

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