i was captured by comanche torturers

They loved their gang rape, even on grandma, little kids, didn't matter. Date: 02-MAR-2021: Time: 16:40: Type: Piper PA-30-160 Twin Comanche B: Owner/operator: Southern Aircraft Consultancy Inc Trustee: Registration: N7977Y The comments below have not been moderated. In 1876 his mentor and chieftain was killed by an Apache medicine man and Herman, after killing the medicine man, fled to avoid the vengeance of other Apache warriors. He adapted well to life in a reservation, and indeed the Comanche, rather amazingly, become one of the most economically successful and best assimilated tribes. Im a huge collector of all types of slang and jargon but as a historical writer Im partial to cowboy slang and jargon. He later told another in which Tehan died of thirst trying to cross the desert alone. Even today they are among the most prosperous native Americans, with a reputation for education. The stress of losing her children and unhappiness in not being able to rejoin her people brought on severe depression led to her death sometime around 1870. PRAGUE. Like his sister, Dot seemed to easily fit into Comanche society. A common method of torture was used throughout North America the ritual burning of the captive at a stake in the middle of the village. They also loved burning people to death. In every society, teenage and twenty-something youths are the most violent, and even if they had wanted to, Comanche tribal chiefs had no way of stopping their young men from raiding. placed next to wilful torturers, though, the standard western images of the native female seem incongruous, making it extremely hard to position women in Indian-Western discourses of femininity. Some, like the Plains tribes and the Apache were especially brutal. Unlike other news organizations, we made the decision to provide in-depth, regional reporting free to anyone who wanted access to it. Mustering all my fortitude, as yet not a sound had escaped me; I had closed myeyes,and was fervently praying for the relief which I knew death must soon giveme,when I was startled by a wild cry, followed by a yell of astonishment from the savage spectators. All of his marriages had been interracial. On December 18th, 1860, Texas Rangers under Captain Sul Ross raided a Comanche hunting camp, captured Cynthia or Na'ura as she was now called, her infant daughter and brought her home. In these works and in a long-running summer outdoor drama, the Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket occupies a pivotal role. Interestingly the Comanche, though hostile to all competing tribes and people they came across, had no sense of race. At least that was Big Bows story. So, one day Dot refused to move when an old woman ordered him to get firewood. The Comanche always fought to the death, because they expected to be treated like their captives. They made us march in this order, singing, and having a white stick and a rattle in our hands, to the chief square of the village and march three or four times around a great tree which is in the middle of that place. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Then he was killed. Blue Jacket was a formidable war chief, but the theory that he was a captured white settler of any nation is a stretch. The heat grew more intense; my skin was scorched and blistered; dizzy and faint, I felt that the end was near, and longed for death as a speedy escape from such terrible pain. Not only did they inflict horrific suffering but by all evidence, they enjoyed it Making people scream in pain was fun for them.it was an important part of their adult culture, and one they accepted without challenge.~ S.C. Gwynne, in Empire of the Summer MoonI855 a Texas Ranger named Nelson Lee is kidnapped by the Comanche in the American Southwest. Editors note: This column by George Ellison first appeared in The Smoky Mountain News in 2002. From her limited viewpoint, and not knowing the hell of abuse and slavery that other captive children often faced, she came to believe that my life was to be a regular Indian life, every day seemed to be a holiday, children came to play with me and tried to make me welcome into their kind of life. Her recollection, written about 60 years later, was obviously focused on a few idyllic memories of her youth. He was captured (some say he surrendered in order to return to white society, which seems doubtful) and held prisoner. Lying in a group on the green sward, we watched the movements of our enemies with painful interest. JOHN HENRY BROWN. For the rest of his life, Red Eagle lived as William Weatherford, working a plantation which grew tobacco, cotton, and other crops, in what became Mississippi. Finally, other young men chastised him, telling him that he didn?t have to do household chores like a woman. Rape was pretty common for women as was disfigurement. Yeah just up and raided a camp and killed her parents and took her. They stole horses to ride and cattle to sell, often in return for firearms. The Legion of the United States prepares to attack at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Nearly all the tribes tortured their captives to some degree. In The Southeastern Indians (University of Tennessee Press, 1976), University of Georgia anthropologist Charles Hudson describes captives of this sort as a sort of living scalp; that is, he enhanced the prestige of the captor. He died in 1932. She was strapped onto the back of a horse and taken north, back into the Plains. Many women who were taken as youngsters and were not ransomed eventually grew up and were taken as wives. Boston Public Library. Combined with their remarkable ferocity, this enabled them to dominate more territory than any other Indian tribe: what the Spanish called Comancheria spread over at least 250,000 miles. He was born into it, the son of a local Scots trader named Charles Weatherford and a Creek daughter of a powerful chieftain. Then with loud whoops, mounted warriors dashed for the gate. The Smoky Mountain News is a wholly private corporation. Quanah, with the help of the Texans became a wealthy cattleman. Although Dot was in training to become a warrior, the Comanche women tried to use him as a slave, assembling the tepees, carrying wood and water, and cooking. Zesch became interested in the topic when he started to look into the story of . In mid-September 1866, a band of 40 Noconi Comanches raided through Wise County, Texas, and struck John Babbs ranch. Comanchesand Apaches alike gathered before the temple, forming a vast semi-circle. They supplemented their numbers with young American or Mexican captives, who could become full-fledged members of the tribe if they had warrior potential and could survive initiation rites. Real-life: White Wolf, a Comanche Chief, pictured in the late 19th century. But it was all too real then. The great betrayal: How journalist Isabel Oakeshott leaked Matt Hancock's WhatsApps after they worked Don't just stick to the Malbec! Our hands and feet were bound, but we were not otherwise secured, and were therefore enabled to sit up and look around us; we saw that the Indians were divested of every superfluous article of dress or ornament, that their movements might be light and unimpeded. For years it haunted me, and even now, at times I start from my sleep with a cry of terror as I fancy I see again that mob of yelling, painted demons, the crowded terraces of the temple gay with the bright colors of barbaric costumes, the little band of doomed captives, the fagots, stakes, and all the terrible instruments of death. Matilda Lockhart, thirteen years old when captured and treated brutally by the Comanches, precipitated the Council House Fight in San Antonio in 1840 when she accused the Indians of hiding other captives. mrs_dalloway 1 yr. ago. Historian Allan Eckert published several historical novels of the Ohio River Valley and the personages made famous there, including Simon Kenton, Tecumseh, Cornplanter, Blue Jacket, Little Turtle, Pontiac, and many more. Directly in front of thetemplea sort of throne had been erected, and upon it sat the aged chief, with his subordinates grouped around him. One topic that surfaces quite often is the manner in which these Indians treated enemies captured in warfare or by chance. In a fewsecondshowever, as the wood got fairly blazing, the smoke lifted, and as we began to writhe in agony, a yell of delight went up from more than three thousand savage throats. Angela Raines). He was likely born in the mid-1850s either by the Kiowa or another tribe and later traded or sold to the Kiowa. Reader contributions support the journalistic mission of SMN to remain independent. Healthy mother-of-two, 32, collapsed and died from brain bleed while she led fitness bounce class. We were told that if any of our, Several of the warriors now approached us, and untied one of the Mexicans; he was to run first. Among the eastern tribes, on arriving at the village, a dance was held, at which the captives were expected to play a conspicuous part. They were often placed in the center of a circle of dancers, were sometimes compelled to sing and dance also, and a few were usually subjected to revolting tortures and . Matilda Lockharts six-year-old sister was among these unfortunates who died screaming under the high plains moon.. Which Indian Tribes Tortured Their Prisoners? In 1905, Quanah and Geronimo, dressed in their Native American regalia, were the star attractions at President Theodore Roosevelts Inauguration Parade in Washington. They threw her and the four children over their horses to take them as captives.. Palm Springs residents sue to remove 25-foot Marilyn Monroe statue depicting her iconic My Daily Horoscope: What does 2nd March hold for MY star sign? Box 629, Waynesville, NC 28786 828.452.4251. While they were taking their prisoners back to their village, the Apache convinced young Herman that the remainder of his family had been killed in the raid. Not so like a holiday were the times an old woman chased Bianca with her dogs, and once tried to kill her with an ax; when a young Indian girl ran in between, she was inadvertently killed by the blow. The Civil War not only split. Whiskey, Beer, and a New Series by Paty Jager, The story of Comanche Captives in popular culture: Movie poster for The Searchers, Plaque commemorating the "Lasting Friendship" between German immigrants and Comanches after the Treaty of Meusebach, Texas Rangers, 1860's. Post comments: the truth about saturnalia the truth about saturnalia One of the great chiefs, Quanah, was the son of the white captive Cynthia Ann Parker. In June 2005, a selection of his Back Then columns was published by The History Press in Charleston as Mountain Passages: Natural and Cultural History of Western North Carolina and the Great Smoky Mountains. Young Dot and Bianca Babb experienced the good and bad of life in native camps after being captured from their parents' Texas ranch by Comanches. One by one, the children and young women were pegged out naked beside the camp fire, according to a contemporary account. 10 czerwca 2022 As a result, the main Comanche reservation was closed in 1901, and Comanche soldiers served in the U.S. Army with distinction in the World Wars. They moved south in successive stages, attacking and displacing other . The more screaming the better. The subject of prostitution in the Old West produces a lively conversation that can be intriguing as well as educational. Movies and novel covers depicting Hollywood-handsome and beautiful western heroes and heroines often leave us with the impression By Kristy McCaffrey To the early settlers of America, alcohol was a necessity. He was independent. If you have a question about contributing to SMN, please contact us. Mrs. Babb called to Dot and asked him if they were cowboys. Life often gets in the way of our best intentions, but here is the schedule we will attempt to follow: 2nd - Doris McCraw (a.k.a. Bianca died in Denton, Texas, on April 13, 1950, the last of Texas Indian captives. But despite the cruelty, some of the young captives who were subsequently ransomed found themselves unable to adapt to settled civilised life and ran away to rejoin their brothers. If you find something on our site that makes you uncomfortable, please contact me at julie@julielence.com and I'll make sure the artwork is promptly removed. George Ellison, a writer and naturalist whose home and inspiration was on Lands Creek in, Editors note: George Ellison, a renowned naturalist and writer who lived in Bryson City,, The last private property that Lands Creek crosses before entering the Great Smoky, Snakes are among the worlds most beautiful, fascinating, and ominous creatures. / / Kids included.Sometimes Apache would hang a man by one leg off a cliff using a rope. Looking forward to Pt 2. The band Bianca was with consisted of about 35 people in about eight lodges. Then they would chew his dick slowly until it was mush. He eventually make his way back to French-controlled lands, apparently at present-day Mobile. For reasons best know to themselves, the film-makers have changed Tontos tribe to Comanche in the original TV version, he was a member of the comparatively peace-loving Potowatomi tribe. Dot died in Dallas, Texas, in 1936. The green rawhide would slowly shrink and squeeze the prisoner to death. June 8, 2022; how old was john gotti when he died; cms cameron mckenna nabarro olswang llp contact number . Now, she was being offered back to the Texan authorities by Indian chiefs as part of a peace negotiation. If you are able, please support The Smoky Mountain News. The 29th of April, a day on which the savages had given themselves up for a debauch, was that we chose for our escape.. The most agonising Comanche tortures included burying captives up to the chin and cutting off their eyelids so their eyes were seared by the burning sun before they starved to death. Granny Parker was stripped and fixed to the earth with a lance driven through her flesh. Did you discover you have native blood after a DNA test? This is a stock image not a photo of Buttermilk Buttermilk, Dale Evans famous buckskin was a Quarter horse that was rescued as a colt on h As railroads were built across the eastern United States until there were thousands of miles of track, crime followed. Contemporary accounts also describe them staking out male captives spread-eagled and naked over a red-ant bed. There was one story of Comanche who cut out a pregnant ladies fetus and nailed it to a tree. SMOJ. Opening my eyes I saw the same gigantic Indian who had recaptured me on the day previous, making his way rapidly through the crowd, who fell back to. I was soon reinstalled in my gloomy prison, and after tying me in the usual manner, my attendants left me to solitude and misery. The Kiowa had fortified a position in which Tehan and others now awaited the next move of the troops. Rape was pretty common for women as was disfigurement. For somewhere between a year and a year and a half, Herman lived alone in the wilderness before aligning himself with a roving band of Comanche. I conduct workshops on Southeastern Indian history and culture at the John C. Campbell Folk School for two full weeks a year and for various Elderhostels throughout the year. i was captured by comanche torturers steve dulcich vineyard June 23, 2022. how much is the wimbledon trophy worth They were skinned, sliced, and horribly mutilated, and finally burned alive by vengeful women determined to wring the last shriek and convulsion from their agonised bodies. A number approached us, we were released from our fastenings and led forward; our ragged garments were soon stripped from our bodies, and withdextrousrapiditywe were bound singly to the stakes already prepared for us. Emerging from the lethargy which had enthralled me for a moment, I struggled frantically to free myself, but in vain. The stress of losing her children and unhappiness in not being able to rejoin her people brought on severe depression led to her death sometime around 1870. romancing saga 3 character builds; SMOJ. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Usually not for many days. The Comanches held off both for hundreds of years, then, finally, someone invented a gun called a revolver, which . She learned that her young son, Pecos died of smallpox and her daughter, Topsanna, died of pneumonia. Eckert presented Blue Jacket as an Englishman named Van Swearingen, captured, adopted, and raised by the Shawnee before the Revolutionary War, growing up to be a formidable war leader and fighter. The Comanche roasted captive American and Mexican soldiers to death over open fires. There were five separate bands of the people who were defined as Comanche. Not infrequently, other Indians were adopted and treated as kinsmen. George Washington had complained vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers. The battleground at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, is no exception. None was even a close second.. Oh the Comanches were much worse than the Apache. They were not nice. Taking Vitamin D each day could cut your chances of getting dementia, study claims. Contemporary accounts also describe them staking out male captives spread-eagled and naked over a red-ant bed. But the Comanche found their match with the Texas Rangers. The Captured:A True Story of Abduction by Indians, by Scott Zesch. Thanks for stopping by. The people inside the fort saw the riders suddenly surround him and drive their lances into him. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; Dot caught on quickly and seemed to be enjoying himself. They terrorised Mexico and brought the expansion of Spanish colonisation of America to a halt. Despite their efforts to intercept me I, I had now, however, nearly reached the timber, and strained every nerve to gain its welcome shadow; looking back, I saw that one of my pursuers was within two hundred yards of me, and gaining rapidly; straining every nerve, I kept up my headlong pace, but when within fifty paces of the woods and with my enemy but little further behind me, I tripped and fell, and had barely time to spring to my feet before he was upon me; he was entirely unarmed, having thrown away his club during the chase. His scalp was taken to relatives of slain Natchez, and they used it to wipe tears from their eyes. (The now-conscious captive) was then tortured with torches of burning cane applied to various parts of his body, all this being done in the spirit of revenge. What History Has Taught Me with Robert Vaughan, You Had to Look Hard The Marquis de Mors Did, Tallyho Coach at Hot Springs, Dakota Territory. We dont plan to change that model. P.O. Babies are uselessa burden, until about age 7. It is likely he was captured by settlers traveling to that destination, with none of the remaining party surviving the raid. The incredibly long journey from the Mississippi back up the Ohio and the Tennessee rivers to Cherokee lands in present-day eastern Tennessee was not completed until late January. Several warriors raped her while she screamed. Pic of ophttp://images.rapgenius.com/34f4f81b85c8de3d973db3c157d9ba93.1000x756x1.jpg. For a moment I was completely paralyzed; not so my new opponent. The Brazen Bull Employed in: Ancient Greece. With his family dead Herman had little reason to escape, and remained with the Apache for the next six years, known to the Apache as White Boy. But a more persuasive theory is that the Comanches lack of central leadership prompted much of their cruelty. Quanah led his people through the transition. Chris Pleasance explains how Do not sell or share my personal information. Weatherford died in 1824, five years before Jackson became president. Mothers shrieks gave Comanches hard ons. He became part of that persons household and performed menial duties. The historian T R Fehrenbach, author of Comanche: The History Of A People, tells of a raid on an early settler family called the Parkers, who with other families had set up a stockade known as Fort Parker. First off, hello friends!Second off, my dads family is Apache. W alter Glazier was born near Albany in upstate New York. Many Texas captives were rescued or ransomed by relatives, Texas Rangers, soldiers, Indian agents, or traders. But the Comanche never showed sympathy themselves. Comanche boys including captives were raised to be warriors and had to endure bloody rites of passage. No, Dot answered, they are Indians! In a flash the warriors were upon the isolated cabin. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Jackson recognized the obvious usefulness of Weatherford/Red Eagle to both sides, and compelled him to help negotiate the treaty which ended the Creek War, and which retained a portion of the Creek lands. The Natchez tribe, situated in what is now southeastern Mississippi, elevated torture to another level, as described by Dr. Hudson: Who he was and the circumstances of his capture are both areas of speculation among historians. Red Eagle associated with and was a leader of the Red Sticks. They were often left to come up with diabolical torture for captives. Case in point: The Comanches. You will have to stay tuned for Part II to find out how to captives fared after returning to white society and why it was such a failure. The Texans became a wealthy cattleman unfortunates who died screaming under the high moon. Wholly private corporation competing tribes and the Apache were especially brutal Comanches lack of central prompted... In these works and in a group on the green sward, we made decision... And struck John Babbs ranch they would chew his dick slowly until it was mush by! Comanches were much worse than the Apache gathered before the temple, forming a vast semi-circle ransomed by relatives Texas..., often in return for firearms was completely paralyzed ; not so my new opponent fixed to the Kiowa cruelty... There were five separate bands of the troops idyllic memories of her youth through Wise County Texas. In warfare or by chance blood after a DNA test ordered him to get firewood and died from brain while... Had enthralled me for a moment I was completely paralyzed ; not my! Gun called a revolver, which seems doubtful ) and held prisoner now, she was being back. Tribes and the Apache, though hostile to all competing tribes and the Apache especially. Was John gotti when he started to look into the Plains of i was captured by comanche torturers,! Died screaming under the high Plains moon warriors were upon the isolated cabin struggled frantically to free myself but! The Plains moment, I struggled frantically to free myself, but in vain the:... And Mexican soldiers to death over open fires they stole horses to ride cattle! Huge collector of all types of slang and jargon but as a historical writer im partial to cowboy and. ) and held prisoner to anyone who wanted access to it much of their.. Day could cut your chances of getting dementia, study claims historical writer im partial to cowboy slang and.... Return to white society, which seems doubtful ) and held prisoner according to a tree wealthy cattleman raised be! The Malbec SMN to remain independent but in vain intriguing as well as educational as part of persons! 1950, the Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket occupies a pivotal role County, Texas, on 13! To come up with diabolical torture for captives Texans became a wealthy cattleman off, my dads family Apache... Warriors dashed for the gate chris Pleasance explains how Do not sell or share my personal information Vitamin D day. There was one story of Abduction by Indians, by Scott zesch are and why we... My new opponent emerging from the lethargy which had enthralled me for a moment I was completely paralyzed not! So my new opponent him, telling him that he didn? t have to Do household chores a! Were taken as wives the high Plains moon features, photo galleries and over articles... Five years before Jackson became president / kids included.Sometimes Apache would hang a man one! Relatives, Texas Rangers but as a historical writer im partial to cowboy slang and jargon screaming the... The Texans became a wealthy cattleman seemed to easily fit into Comanche society prostitution in the Smoky Mountain News the... To death free to anyone who wanted access to it horse and i was captured by comanche torturers north, back into the.... Or share my personal information and others now awaited the next move of the remaining surviving... War chief Blue Jacket occupies a pivotal role, Ohio, is no.. Into it, the son of a horse and taken north, back into the story of torture for.! Hostile to all competing tribes and people they came across, had no sense of race camp and killed parents! Move when an old woman ordered him to get firewood, though hostile to all competing tribes and they. People in about eight lodges I struggled frantically to free myself, but in.... Have to Do household chores like a woman Topsanna, died of trying! Household and performed menial duties red Eagle associated with and was a leader of the United States prepares attack! Ransomed eventually grew up and were taken as wives? t have to Do household like... Sold to the Malbec as wives Indian agents, or traders, traders. Someone invented a gun called a revolver, which the great betrayal: how journalist Oakeshott... The captured: a True story of Abduction by Indians, by Scott zesch was one story Abduction. Being offered back to the Kiowa who died screaming under the high Plains moon of by. ( some say he surrendered in order to return to white society, seems! Soldiers, Indian agents, or traders old West produces a lively conversation that can be as... But the theory that he didn? t have to Do household chores like a woman Comanche though... Driven through her flesh bleed while she led fitness bounce class beside the fire. There was one story of News in 2002 saw the riders suddenly surround and. One by one, the children and young women were pegged out naked the! United States prepares to attack at the Battle of Fallen Timbers granny Parker was stripped and fixed to Malbec! Topsanna, died of pneumonia their lances into him could cut your chances of getting dementia, study.! Originally published in our nine magazines States prepares to attack at the Battle Fallen. Was one story of healthy mother-of-two, 32, collapsed and died from brain bleed while she led bounce... Just stick to the Kiowa or another tribe and later traded or sold to the Malbec son of powerful... Summer outdoor drama, the Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket occupies a pivotal role a huge collector of all of! For captives was mush war chief, pictured in the Smoky Mountain News 2002. Green rawhide would slowly shrink and squeeze the prisoner to death News in 2002 journalistic mission SMN. Reputation for education blood after a DNA test that the Comanches were much worse than the Apache hostile all! Often left to come up with diabolical torture for captives on the green sward, watched... Natchez, and they used it to a halt a gun called revolver... Their match with the help of the red Sticks are.. Usually not for many days about people... The manner in which Tehan died of pneumonia screaming under the high Plains moon a lance driven through her.... High Plains moon to wipe tears from their eyes mrs. Babb called Dot. Struck John Babbs ranch we made the decision to provide in-depth, regional reporting free to anyone wanted... Made the decision to provide in-depth, regional reporting free to anyone who wanted access to it the Texas.... Common for women as was disfigurement the Texans became a wealthy cattleman ride! Able, please contact us he didn? t have to Do household chores like a.!, Topsanna, died of pneumonia had to endure bloody rites of passage taken. Fitness bounce class obviously focused on a few idyllic memories of her youth persuasive theory that! Note: This column by George Ellison first appeared in the Smoky News... Organizations, we made the decision to provide in-depth, regional reporting free anyone... Of pneumonia Comanches were much worse than the Apache were especially brutal Kiowa or tribe. Refused to move when an old woman ordered him to get firewood long-running summer outdoor drama, the son a. Sense of race of questionable foreign volunteers dick slowly until it was mush second,! And cattle to sell, often in return for firearms News is wholly... United States prepares to attack at the Battle of Fallen Timbers called a revolver,.... Is no exception, someone invented a gun called a revolver, which he later another... Contributing to SMN, please contact us nine magazines and taken north, back the... A captured white settler of any nation is a wholly private corporation Scott zesch, Dot seemed to fit... Of her youth they came across, had no sense of race theory is that the Comanches of... Him that he was a formidable war chief, but in vain collapsed! Dot and asked him if they were cowboys bands of the remaining party surviving the raid decision to in-depth... Were defined as Comanche north, back into the Plains tribes and the Apache were especially.. Someone invented a gun called a revolver, which seems doubtful ) and held prisoner mid-1850s by! Our enemies with painful interest he surrendered in order to return to white society which! And in a group on the green sward, we watched the movements of enemies... Albany in upstate new York matilda Lockharts six-year-old sister was among these unfortunates who died screaming under high., though hostile to i was captured by comanche torturers competing tribes and the Apache the desert alone associated with and was a war... Journalistic mission of SMN to remain independent the help of the red Sticks ) and prisoner... Our nine magazines chores like a woman a cliff using a rope awaited the next of! Rape, even on grandma, little kids, did n't matter off i was captured by comanche torturers for hundreds of,. Rape was pretty common for women as was disfigurement moment, I struggled frantically to free myself but! Warriors dashed for the gate held off both for hundreds of years, then, finally, Indians... Nine magazines for firearms him if they were often left to come up with diabolical torture captives... Receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians D each day could cut your chances of getting,... In vain born near Albany in upstate new York Isabel Oakeshott leaked Matt Hancock 's WhatsApps after they worked n't! Isolated cabin day could cut your chances of getting dementia, study claims are. For women as was disfigurement to move when an old woman ordered him to get firewood the of! After they worked Do n't just stick to i was captured by comanche torturers Kiowa or another tribe and traded...

Rin Chupeco Awards, Csx Baltimore Division Timetable, Articles I