descriptivist theory of names

DESCRIPTIVIST | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary According to descriptivist theories, proper names either are synonymous with descriptions, or have their reference determined by virtue of the name's being associated with a description or cluster of descriptions that an object uniquely satisfies. Syntax. This content provides the referent (if there is one) for which the proper name stands. It is essential for an object to fit the description (or most of the Dramatism, an interpretive communication studies theory, was developed by Kenneth Burke as a way to analyze public speaking. (PDF) Arguments against Descriptivism in Naming and ... The descriptivist view of proper names = Russell believes that names are quantifiers. According to the theory, proper names have simple assignable hyperintensions as their content. In lectures later published as Naming and Necessity, Kripke provided a rough outline of his causal theory of reference for names. ing Kripke's theory descriptivist at heart (Searle 310). Mediated Reference Theory Sometimes called the Frege-Russell view. Necessity of identity Descriptivist theory of names Causal theory of reference Rigid designator Modality Necessity Kripke, Saul A. Chapters: Number names, Eponym, Proper name, Filename extension, Nomenclature, Common name, Code name, Descriptivist theory of names . The General Nature of Proverbs Naming theories of meaning - HKT Consultant Example: According to Descriptivist theory of names, when one uses "Aristotle" to refer to the ancient Greek philosopher, he does by way of associating some or a combination of uniquely individuating descriptions with Aristotle, i.e. Descriptivist theory of names in philosophy, a view of the nature of meaning and reference generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell; Linguistic descriptivism, the practice of objectively analysing and describing how language is spoken; Theory of descriptions. PDF Intuitions About the Reference of Proper Names: a Meta ... This theory is commonly attributed to John Stuart Mill. book with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these . It is concluded that neither theory is fully confirmed or . The world of semantics is dominated by two types of naming theories: descriptivist and causal. Kripke argued that they are more like names: semantically they are rigid; each refers to the same natural kind every world in which that kind has membership, and some version of causal-historical theory also applies. Understanding when these differences emerge in development will help us understand their origins. Data from deficits, processing models, developmental studies and syntax are all discussed. What is in a name?: The development of cross-cultural ... Data from deficits, processing models, developmental studies and syntax are all discussed. Philosophy of Language & Philosophy of mind, Essay ... According to the descriptivist theory of meaning, there is a description of the sense of proper names, and that description, like a definition, "picks out" the bearer of the name. Kripke sets out what he believes to be the tenets of the descriptivist theory . A question about unwanted necessity as a problem for descriptivist theory of proper names. Theory of names, that is a member of descriptivist theories, is logic-based theory about language by Russell, and the main attitude of this theory is about proposals for consequences such as objects. Hence (1) and (2) (1) Aristotle is Aristotle (2) Aristotle is the teacher of Alexander the Great 1 Contrary to what the label might suggest, Costa's 'meta-descriptivist theory of proper names . For instance, when someone utters the description, "the person who was a student of Socrates," we immediately think of Plato. For instance, the name ÒGeorge W. BushÓ would be interchangeable with, Òthe President of the The descriptivist answer was that names are connected with their referents via a process of association: speakers associate the names with certain properties (in the form of a description), and the name refers to whatever object in the world has those properties. Descriptivist theory of names Descriptivist theory of names is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference of proper names generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. The distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892, reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.The reference (or "referent", German: Bedeutung)) of a proper name is the object it means or indicates (bedeuten), its sense is what the name expresses.The reference of a sentence is its truth value . Pages: 51. The description is believed by the individual to be true of what the name names 3. I, however, do not believe this has to be the case. Explain the difference in focus (individual vs community) that lies behind the two approaches. Question: Kripke further elaborates his argument using the non-circularity condition (C); what kind of response is he trying to counter? Before whether Russell's theory of names is at all defensible or not, it can be good idea to understand what descriptivist theory is according . Searle claims that the historical account is descriptivist, though there are some differences between the descriptivist theory and the causal "theory": (1) the causal chain is incidental to the descriptivist account, (2) much more than just the use of the name's intention gets transferred, and (3) causal changes only matter insofar as . The world of semantics is dominated by two types of naming theories: descriptivist and causal. two competing answers: (1) the descriptivist theory, and (2) the causal theory. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) [1] is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. Bertrand Russell was the first to propose a descriptivist theory of names , which held that a proper name refers not to a referent, but to a set of true propositions that uniquely describe a referent — for example, "Aristotle" refers to "the teacher of Alexander the Great". Searle finds both labels misleading. It thus stands opposed to the theory of direct reference. 2. A descriptivist theory of proper names is a theory that holds that a name has an associated descrip tion or cluster of descriptions which is synonymous with the name or, on same versions of the descriptivist theory, it at least determines the name's reference. The descriptivist theory says that the sense of a name is its referent, whereas the sense of a description is its intension (a function from possible worlds to referents it describes in them). proper names are determined by associated descriptions) the descriptivist theory of reference. In Naming and Necessity Saul Kripke offers a number of arguments in order to show that no descriptivist theory of proper names is correct. ing of proper names: descriptivist theories and causal-historical theories. The mediated reference theory is a semantic theory that posits that words refer to something in the external world, but insists that there is more to the meaning of a name than simply the object to which it refers. View that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. Those two "cognitive values" (i.e. Now, after arguing against descriptivism, Kripke seeks to replace only its second component, namely the descriptivist theory of reference. Descriptivist Theory Of Names - Kripke's Objections and The Causal TheoryIn his book Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke struck several powerful blows against the descriptivist theory . A proper noun is a word-level unit of the category noun, while a proper name is a type of noun phrase.So, for example, the proper name "Alice Walker" consists of two proper nouns: "Alice" and "Walker". Premise 2: If pr oper names do no t refer through descrip tive content, then proper names have a baptism. A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as The idea is that a proper name can refer to a person only via the descriptive properties that users of the name associate with it. Source: Wikipedia. In the present study, we investigate the referential intuitions of English- … It introduces a meta‐identifying rule that can establish a cluster's main descriptions and explain how they must be satisfied in order to allow the application of a proper name. Conseq uently, Searle's reply to Kripke's Gödel example mis-understands the implications of this example for the descriptivist theory, and Searle fails to give an adequate reply. Past work has shown systematic differences between Easterners' and Westerners' intuitions about the reference of proper names. The paper further describes the role of the proposed content of (empty) proper names within . Descriptivist theory of names. The theories are Burge's treatment of proper names as complex demonstratives and Larson and Segal's quasi-descriptivist account of names. I want to avoid that so I'm seeking your help. Suppose there is a group of people who do not know anything of the English author Shakespeare except the name and that he is the author of \Romeo and Juliet". The view was very widely held in the middle of . His target was the view that, like most meaningful expressions, proper names express concepts that determine their extensions. It is concluded that neither theory is fully confirmed or . Descriptivist theory of names is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference of proper names generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell.The theory consists essentially in the idea that the meanings (semantic contents) of names are identical to the descriptions associated with them by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these . The two theories are evaluated for empirical plausibility. Hence (1) and (2) (1) Aristotle is Aristotle (2) Aristotle is the teacher of Alexander the Great 1 Contrary to what the label might suggest, Costa's 'meta-descriptivist theory of proper names . The descriptivist theory argues that proper names are associated with clusters of descriptions, whether they be definite or not. Descriptivism involves observing and analyzing, without passing too much judgment, the habits and practices within speech communities, focusing on language users and uses without attempting to get them to modify their language according to standards external to the language itself. Kripke rejects both these kinds of descriptivism. His argument is: Premise 1: If proper names refer through descriptive content, then proper names have descriptive content. Having rejected the descriptivist theory and reiterated that names are rigid designators, Kripke proceeds to claim that identity statements involving names are in fact necessary, not contingent. As such it presents particular challenges for theories of meaning, and it has become a central problem in analytic philosophy.The common-sense view was originally formulated by . A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p.For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as The referent, in this case, is the object that fits onto the speaker's description. It need not hold that proper names must be analyzed exclusively in general terms. In his book Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke criticised the descriptivist theory. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these The Damp Spoon Syndrome- new forms arise from sheer laziness, like dipping a damp spoon back into sugar. In the mid-20th century, the most significant philosophical theory about the nature of names and naming was a theory of Gottlob Frege's that had been developed by Bertrand Russell, the descriptivist theory of names, which was sometimes known as the 'Frege-Russell description theory'. According to descriptivist theories (Frege 1892; Russell 1905; Searle 1958), proper names have definite descriptions as their meaning. According to descriptivist theories (Frege 1892; Russell 1905; Searle 1958), proper names have definite descriptions as their meaning. Individual Descriptivist Theory of Reference Definite descriptions fix reference A definite description is a denoting phrase that picks out a specific singular object Theory 1. Descriptive theory of names: lt;p|>||||| |Descriptivist theory of names| is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference . The descriptivist theory of names points out the meaning of a name is similar to the attributes of the objects described by the speaker. Fruits of the Causal Theory of Reference Scott Soames The causal theory of reference arose from Saul Kripke's attack in Naming and Necessity on descriptivist analyses of proper names. Russell argued that most names have some descriptive meanings, e.g., "Princess Celestia" can be descriptively understood as "The benevolent ruler of Equestria". Descriptivist theory of names. A 1970 Princeton lecture series, published in book form in 1980 as Naming and Necessity, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the twentieth century. WikiMatrix Putnam, along with Saul Kripke, Keith Donnellan, and others, contributed to what is known as the causal theory of reference . The causal-historical view's key notion is that of the passing on of reference from one person to another. The text of the questionnaire is given below. and names, and argues that this relationship instantiates a descriptivist theory of reference of names in the philosophy of language, with concluding particulars that critically espouses the values and virtues embedded in selected Yorùbá proverbs and names. Kripke noted the connection between his arguments and Millianism, but he did not endorse that theory. This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty and empty proper names. Descriptivist theory There are four things wrong with the crude (read "Kripke's") account of descriptivism: 1. The idea is that a proper name can refer to a person only via the descriptive properties that users of the name associate with it. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these. Kripke formally states a number of theses as the core of the descriptivist theory, with these theses explaining the theory in . It is assumed especially in the way philosophers talk about existence. Advocates of a descriptivist theory of proper names believe that In this theory, Burke discusses two important ideas - that life IS drama, and that the ultimate motive of rhetoric is the purging of guilt. 4 Against (3) According to (3), "if most of the ˚s, suitably weighted, are satisfied by a unique object y, then y is the referent of the name for the speaker." (p. 83). descriptivist theory was correct. 2.1 Descriptivist Theories According to descriptivist theories of proper names, a particular use of a proper name refers when the descriptive content somehow associated with that use suffices to pick out a specific object or individual. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. In the case of given a descriptivist answer that only strengthens Kripke's point against such theories. Descriptivist And Causal Theories. This view opposed Descriptivist theory of natural-kind terms which associated each such term with a descriptive stereotype. The Cambridge Grammar of English distinguishes the syntactic category of proper name from that of proper noun (Payne & Huddleston 2002: 516). 1. The theories are Burge's treatment of proper names as complex demonstratives and Larson and Segal's quasi-descriptivist account of names. Premise 3: If proper names have a baptism, then proper names . senses) are obviously different, the name refers to the same thing in all worlds, description does not have to. For each individual user and each name there is a single definite description 2. We present here a certain version of descriptivist theory -we will characterize it as an individual-use reference-fixing descriptivist theory that appeals to descriptions regarding how a name is used by other speakers. names, the other consonant with the descriptivist theory of names. At the same time, it preserves some main insights of the causal‐historical view. metalinguistically oriented expressions involving 'the name itself'. This paper proposes a new, stronger version of the cluster theory of proper names. This view sharply opposed a long-held Descriptivist Theory of natural-kind terms, which associated each such term with a descriptive stereotype. The theory consists essentially in the idea that the meanings (semantic contents) of names are identical to the descriptions associated with them by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these . The most obvious alternative to descriptivist theories of proper names is the theory that the meaning of a proper name is simply its referent. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions On the semantics of proper names. A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as "the man who wrote Naming . The evidence provided in support of PT and MT, having to do with determiner-name pairs, morphologically inflected names, or naming constructions, is in turn alleged to entail a descriptivist treatment of names in designative position, such as 'Kennedy' in Existence is typically understood to be a general concept property which is instantiated in existent objects. The theory differs from the direct reference theory in that it does not present connotations (Rehman, 2017). A META‐DESCRIPTIVIST THEORY OF PROPER NAMES A META‐DESCRIPTIVIST THEORY OF PROPER NAMES Costa, Claudio F. 2011-09-01 00:00:00 This paper proposes a new, stronger version of the cluster theory of proper names. Rejecting descriptivism, Saul Kripke and Keith Donnellan instead . World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Proper name (philosophy) In the philosophy of language, a proper name - examples include a name of a specific person or place - is a name which ordinarily is taken to uniquely identify its referent in the world. Russell's descriptivist theory of names still holds a large degree of influence in analytical philosophy however. He seeks to replace it with an alternative theory about how reference is determined. ing of proper names: descriptivist theories and causal-historical theories. In his criticism of the description theory of proper names, Kripke distinguishes between the description theory regarded as a meaning theory and as a reference theory (Kripke 1980: 32 f., 53 f. and 59).The description theory, considered as a meaning theory, claims that descriptions give the meaning of proper names so that proper names are synonymous with them. A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as Three main positions are inspected: the logicist position, as exemplified by formal semantics and a neo-Russellian descriptivist theory of names, the direct reference position, as exemplified by Putnam and Kripke's causal theory of reference, and a neo-Wittgensteinian position that views the Semantic Web as yet an-other public language. descriptivist account of language. The descriptive theory and its merits []. This chapter presents the notion of a "possible world." In an argument against description . Defenders of these two theories seem to discredit each other, thinking the world of semantics must choose one or the other. It has been disputed, however, whether a descriptivist theory can be applied on proper names. I can understand someone who advocates a description theory of names being called a Descriptivist, but to then call the theory advocated by a Descriptivist a Descriptivist theory creates a circular definition, and surely if there is any point to Philosophy at all it is to stop us falling into such traps! Defenders of these two theories seem to discredit each other, thinking the world of semantics must choose one or the other. Describe and contrast Russell's descriptivist theory of the reference of proper names with Strawson/Searle's cluster descriptivist theory. . I'm currently writing an essay, and as I'm writing there is a particular way I want to phrase something however there's a chance I may have grasped it incorrectly. Descriptivist theory of names is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference of proper names generally attributed to Gottob Frege and Bertrand russell. (1980). We present here a certain version of descriptivist theory -we will characterize it as an individual-use reference-fixing descriptivist theory that appeals to descriptions regarding how a name is used by other speakers. Jean Aitchison (descriptivist) The crumbling Castle- view that the English is like a stately home and should be preserved (she argues- change is constant, when was the perfect castle in existence?) The two theories are evaluated for empirical plausibility. It introduces a meta‐identifying rule that can establish a cluster's main descriptions and explain how they must be satisfied in order to allow the application of a proper name. Hi, r/askphilosophy! The same can be said for the descriptivist theory of language-he defines language in terms of its descriptive capacity. the teacher of Alexander, the best student of Plato et cetera. Unbeknownst to this group of In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. Sinn and bedeutung were introduced by German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in his 1892 paper "Über Sinn und Bedeutung" ("On . In Naming and Necessity Saul Kripke offers a number of arguments in order to show that no descriptivist theory of proper names is correct. Dramatism focuses on the role of the critic and their responsibility of uncovering a speaker's motives. From Wikipedia These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Russell looks to break everything down into more atomistic pieces in a search for truth. 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